KNEC| KASNEB| KISM| Study notes and Revision materials for schools in Kenya. KNEC certificate courses, Diplomas, Higher Diplomas, KISM courses cpsp-k and aps-k, KASNEB cpa, atd, cs, cifa, ccp, dcm, cict and cict, Ksce and Kcpe
Fiscal drag is an economics term referring to a situation where a government’s net fiscal position (equal to its spending less any taxation) does not meet the net savings goals of the private economy. This can result in deflationary pressure attributed to either lack of state spending or to excess taxation. One cause of fiscal
Although the elements of strategic management are broadly the same irrespective of the type of organization or its context, the range and nature of strategic issues does to some extent differ according to the organization type and its context. In other words, it would be wrong to assume that, for example, all the elements of
The management of the product life cycle The progression of a product through these stages is by no means certain. Some products seem to stay in the mature stage forever (e.g., milk). Marketers have various techniques designed to prevent the process of falling into the decline stage. In most cases however, one can estimate the
Outsourcing some of an organization’ operation could lead to increased productivity” Summary of key benefits: • More focus on core business • Flexibility to expand and reduce services in line with demand • Reduction in cost of network ownership • Contractual service level agreements • Reach new markets and customers • Immediate access to new
Strategic management in the voluntary and not-for-profit sector As with public sector organizations, it is important to recognize that this sector contains many different varying types of organization. However, it is again possible to generalize regarding the extent to which there are differences regarding the nature of strategic management in such organizations. One of the
Factors in the Design of an Organization Structure A basic design challenge involves deciding how much authority to centralize at the top of organizations and how much to decentralize to middle and lower levels. An organization’s hierarchy begins to emerge when the organization experiences problems in coordinating and motivating employees. These problems lead to organizations:
The Major Stages in New Product Development Products tend to go through five stages: New product development stage *very expensive *no sales revenue *losses Market introduction stage *cost high *sales volume low *losses *high prices Growth stage *costs reduced due to economies of scale *sales volume increases significantly *profitability *prices to maximize market share Mature
Steps in the implementation of a performance measurement system in an organization Performance is an important part of any measurement based management system. Before you start, your organization should establish a core team to carry the performance measurement system design process forward. Though the system is never finished, it should take only a year or
Characteristics of an effective management system A management information system (MIS) provides managers with information that supports effective decision making and provides feedback on daily operations The use of MISs spans all levels of management Fixed format, standard reports Hard-copy and soft-copy reports Uses internal data User-developed reports Users must request formal reports from IS
Key Requirements for successful project management Project management is intended for managing technical development and manufacturing projects of great complexity. In its early days it was a highly technical field known best, perhaps, for generating reams of paperwork. Even today, many people think of project management as a series of graphs, charts, and procedures, often
